{"id":4206,"date":"2026-08-18T00:39:56","date_gmt":"2026-08-18T00:39:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.andrefelizardo.com.br\/blog\/?p=4206"},"modified":"2026-08-18T00:39:58","modified_gmt":"2026-08-18T00:39:58","slug":"system-design-acid-analysis-of-atomicity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.andrefelizardo.com.br\/blog\/system-design-acid-analysis-of-atomicity\/","title":{"rendered":"System Design &#8211; ACID &#8211; Analysis of Atomicity"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>ACID is an acronym that represents a set of four important rules used in databases and in system development.<br>Do I still consider it relevant to understand these concepts in the post-LLM era? Yep. I consider this the first concept someone should know to begin studying System Design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#concept\">Concept<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#atomicity\">Atomicity<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#example\">Example<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#solution\">Solution<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#atomicity-llms\">Atomicity and LLMs<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#skill-md\">Skill.md and AGENTS.md<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#tests-guardrails\">Tests as guardrails<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"concept\">Concept<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The 4 ACID rules are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Atomicity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Consistency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Isolation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Durability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"atomicity\">Atomicity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Atomicity is the rule responsible for preventing half-completed operations. Whenever I read texts and explanations about this subject, I found financial examples. But the application of this rule is not limited to financial applications; quite the contrary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"example\">Example<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>I remember a startup I worked at years ago where, when you created a user, there were several other things tied to the business rule besides inserting the user into the database, such as creating an organization, generating a Web3 wallet for the user, and defining the user&#8217;s basic settings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>User\nOrganization\nWallet\nUserSettings\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>As soon as I joined the project, I realized that you would frequently create a user, something would be missing, and then you would not be able to authenticate with that user in the system.<br>The endpoint that created the user was quite large; it did a lot, and sometimes you didn&#8217;t even know what had failed.<br>But what matters, for our analysis here, is understanding that we cannot create a user but not create their wallet. We also cannot create a user in the database that doesn&#8217;t have an organization linked to it. All 4 steps are part of a single transaction: the user creation in the system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"solution\">Solution<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In this case, everything that needed to be generated during the process would be generated first (the wallet, for example), and then, when inserting it into the database, we would use a similar transaction:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>generate wallet\n      \u2193\nBEGIN\n      \u2193\nINSERT User\nINSERT Wallet\nINSERT Membership\nINSERT Settings\n      \u2193\nCOMMIT\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Why does this need to be a single transaction? Because if any of these operations failed, I don&#8217;t want the user to be partially created. This is exactly the concept of atomicity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"atomicity-llms\">Atomicity and LLMs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It would be naive of you &#8211; as a developer &#8211; to believe that Claude Code or Codex will always write code that doesn&#8217;t fail. In this case, we need human involvement, and I have a few points to suggest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"skill-md\">Skill.md and AGENTS.md<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Interestingly, you turn this knowledge into an operational and&nbsp;<em>checkable<\/em>&nbsp;rule. For that, writing database instructions in these files is relevant. And it&#8217;s in these instructions that you should include the knowledge of&nbsp;<em>Atomicity<\/em>. An example of what to add in this file could be:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>## Database Transactions\n\nWhen implementing a use case that performs multiple database writes:\n\n1. Identify whether the writes form a single business operation.\n2. If a partial execution would leave the database in an invalid or\n   undesirable business state, execute the writes inside a database\n   transaction.\n3. Use the transaction-scoped database handle for every operation that\n   belongs to the transaction.\n4. Do not introduce transactions merely because there are multiple SQL\n   statements; evaluate the business boundary first.\n5. Do not assume that external side effects such as Kafka messages,\n   HTTP calls, emails, or third-party APIs participate in the database\n   transaction.\n6. For database + external-event consistency, follow the project's\n   Outbox\/Idempotency pattern.\n7. Add or update tests covering rollback when a later operation fails.\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>But one thing you need to keep in mind is:&nbsp;<strong>textual instructions are a layer of defense, not a guarantee<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"tests-guardrails\">Tests as guardrails<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Having knowledge of the business rule and understanding the importance of keeping user creation consistent (yes, you still need to work&#8230; my friend), I would write&nbsp;<em>rollback tests<\/em>, for example. The test would call the user creation flow and force an error during wallet creation. This test should return a rollback as executed, and we should validate that the user wasn&#8217;t created, nor assigned to an organization, nor given the default settings.<br>This test would then become an executable proof of the atomicity rule in user creation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Notes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What if the wallet creation were done in an external service and not locally? Then the solution couldn&#8217;t be just traditional SQL ACID.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Juniors continue to write junior-level code even when using LLMs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>ACID is an acronym that represents a set of four important rules used in databases and in system development.Do I still consider it relevant to understand these concepts in the post-LLM era? Yep. I consider this the first concept someone should know to begin studying System Design. Concept The 4 ACID rules are: Atomicity Atomicity [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4207,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4206","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tecnologia"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>System Design - ACID - Analysis of Atomicity - Blog do Andr\u00e9 Felizardo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.andrefelizardo.com.br\/blog\/system-design-acid-analysis-of-atomicity\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_BR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"System Design - ACID - Analysis of Atomicity - Blog do Andr\u00e9 Felizardo\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"ACID is an acronym that represents a set of four important rules used in databases and in system development.Do I still consider it relevant to understand these concepts in the post-LLM era? 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